HSE480

APCO International. (2020). Best Practices for the Use of Social Media in Public Safety Communications. Association of Public-Safety Communications Officials. This voluntary standard—developed with input from law enforcement, fire, and medical emergency responders—describes how social media can and should be used during disasters.

Chan, J.C. (2023). The Role of Social Media in Crisis Preparedness, Response and Recovery. Vanguard. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. The paper proposes a framework to enhance government use of social media for crisis management that encompasses the need for a mandate, differentiated guidelines and three key capabilities to be developed.

Federal Emergency Management Agency. (2018). Social Media and Emergency Preparedness.Social media plays an increasing role in how people communicate. Emergency management officials are aware of social media trends and are adapting to the new communications outlets to reach a larger audience.

Federal Emergency Management Agency. (2023). Disaster Multimedia Toolkit.FEMA offers resources that are ideal for external partners and media looking for disaster recovery content to share on social media during and after a disaster, including social graphics, flyers and announcer scripts, accessible videos, and animations in multiple languages.

Federal Emergency Management Agency. (2020). National Incident Management System Basic Guidance for Public Information Officers. FEMA: Washington, DC. FEMA developed this guidance in coordination with Federal, state, local, tribal, territorial, private sector, and nonprofit Public Information Officers (PIO). This publication provides operational practices to help PIOs perform their duties within the National Incident Management System (NIMS) Command and Coordination structures.

IACP. (2019). Social Media Considerations. International Association of Chiefs of Police.The International Association of Chiefs of Police developed a best practices policy statement on the use of social media by law enforcement agencies.

Moffitt, K.A. (1988). Regulating the Media’s Coverage of  Terrorist Activities.  Computer Law Journal, 227.Government leaders addressing the threat of terrorist activity recognize the media's role as a conduit for terrorist demands. How should the media function in a terrorist-crisis situation? This article attempts to clarify the relationship between terrorism and the media. It evaluates the policy considerations' regarding the propriety of media coverage or non-coverage of terrorist activities.

U.S. Department of Homeland Security. (2023). Social Media Guidance Planning. DHS offers a Social Media Emergency Management (SMEM) Guidance Tool designed to support emergency managers, public information officers, and others working in crisis communications with the development of planning materials for SMEM operations.

Murthy, B.P., LeBlanc, T.T.,  Vagi, S.J., &Viral, R.N.A.. (2021).  The 3 Rs of Social Media Messaging during Public Health Emergencies. Health Secur. 19(1): 75–81. Approximately two-thirds of Americans receive at least some of their news from social media channels.  During an emergency, public health practitioners need to understand how to effectively use social media to rapidly disseminate information.