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Cunningham, J. M. (2015). Mechanizing people and pedagogy: Establishing social presence in the online classroom.

Giesbers, B., Rienties, B., Tempelaar, D., & Gijselaers, W. (2014). A dynamic analysis of the interplay between asynchronous and synchronous communication in online learning: The impact of motivation.

Huang, X., & Hsiao, E.-L. (2012). Synchronous and asynchronous communication in an online environment: Faculty experiences and perceptions.

Olson, J. S., & McCracken, F. E. (2015). Is it worth the effort? The impact of incorporating synchronous lectures into an online course.

Skylar, A. (2009). A comparison of asynchronous online text-based lectures and synchronous interactive web conferencing lectures.

Faculty Focus. (n.d.). Special report: Synchronous and asynchronous learning tools: 15 strategies for engaging online students using real-time chat, t