TIM-8350 v5

Pratama, T., Puzikov, R., Lantsov, S., Ponkratov, P., Khomenko, E., Vatutina, L., & Pessoa, G. (2024). Developing the preventing model of transnational crimes in Russia and Indonesia in the age of sanctions and global economic instability. Qubahan Academic Journal, 4(4).
This article describes the impact of sanctions and global economic instability in Russia and Indonesia.

Rezaeinejad, I., Lavrov, S. N., & Simonov, A. G. (2023). Knowledge-based economic development of Iran: Mitigating sanctions and enhancing national competitiveness. RUDN Journal of Economics, 31(4), 814-829.
The article discusses the impact of sanctions on the knowledge economy and enhancing national competitiveness, specifically with the development of Iran.

Alwadeai, A., Xiangli, L., Vlasova, N., & Aljonaid, N. (2024). The role of reserves in mitigating sanctions’ impact on economic growth. Defence & Peace Economics, 1–20.
This study explores how national reserves support economic stability and growth by mitigating the effects of international sanctions, analyzing data from 131 countries (2000–2022).

Sanctions Programs and Country Information. (n.d.). U.S. Department of the Treasury. Retrieved from https://ofac.treasury.gov/sanctions-programs-and-country-information
This Treasury Department page provides insight on cyber-enabled activities from bad actors.

Bu, Q. (2024). Can de-risking avert supply chain precarity in the face of China-U.S. geopolitical tensions? From sanctions to semiconductor resilience and national security. International Cybersecurity Law Review, 5, 413–442. https://doi.org/10.1365/s43439-024-00125-1
This article explores the U.S.–China tech war, focusing on semiconductors, industrial policy, and the global governance challenges posed by rising geoeconomic tensions and fractured multilateralism.

Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2024). Internet crime report 2024.
The Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Internet Crime Complaint Center (IC3) released its latest annual report. The 2024 Internet Crime Report combines information from 859,532 complaints of suspected Internet crime and details reported losses exceeding $16 billion – a 33% increase in losses from 2023.

Council on Foreign Relations. (n.d.). Cyber operations tracker: CFR Interactives.
Since 2005, 34 countries have been suspected of sponsoring cyber operations. China, Russia, Iran, and North Korea sponsored 77% of all suspected operations. In 2019, there were 76 operations, mostly espionage activities. This tracker permits searching to view the current state of activity.

Rosli, W. R. W. (2025). Waging warfare against states: The deployment of artificial intelligence in cyber espionage. AI and Ethics, 5(1), 47–53.
As cyber espionage increasingly disrupts global political and economic relations, this paper analyzes the legal frameworks in place and evaluates how artificial intelligence contributes to these evolving threats.

Waluyo, A., Aprian, R., Aditya, W. R., Mahfud, A. Z., & Syahwidi, A. R. Q. (2024). Enhancing cyber resilience through Darkeye: A Darkweb espionage intelligence architecture [Seminar paper]. 2024 7th International Seminar on Research of Information Technology and Intelligent Systems (ISRITI), 673–678.
This paper presents DarkEye, a machine learning-powered intelligence system that scans the dark web and breach forums to detect exposed credentials, particularly usernames, and passwords, helping organizations address potential security gaps. Compliant with Indonesian cybersecurity laws and aligned with international standards, DarkEye is suitable for national and global deployment. Its integration enhances an organization’s ability to detect, respond to, and recover from cyber threats.

Anstis, S. (2024). Regulating transnational dissident cyber espionage. Aeronautical Journal, 127(1319), 259–274.
Amid rising momentum to regulate mercenary spyware and transnational repression, this article examines how states can address dissident cyber espionage through harmonized legal measures. It outlines coordinated approaches for ratifying states, focusing on state immunity, evidentiary standards, export controls, and cross-sector collaboration.

Broeders, D. (2024). Cyber intelligence and international security: Breaking the legal and diplomatic silence? Intelligence & National Security, 39(7), 1213–1229.
This paper details how intelligence agencies dominate cyberspace, often engaging in covert digital actions beyond espionage, operating in a legal grey zone shaped by the boldest cyber powers' behaviors.