LibGuides: PED606 Foundation in School Psych: Module 2

Lesson 4 - Required Resources

History of School Psychology
Koch, C. (2020). Society for the teaching of psychology.
This document looks at the trajectory of the field form 1890 t0 2000.

Merrell K.W., Ervin, R.A., Peacock, G. G., & Renshaw, T.L. (2022). School psychology for the 21st century: Foundations and practices (3rd ed.). The Guilford Press.

Chapter Two, The Historical Context of School Psychology (Merrell, et al., 2022) includes information regarding the historical foundation of the field of school psychology. The field of school psychology originated a little more than a century ago. The philosophical and intellectual foundations will be examined along with a deeper exploration into two primary organizations that represent the field, American Psychological Association (APA) and the National Association of School Psychologists (NASP) which we first investigated last week (pages 22-42).

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
National Archives (2021, November 22). Brown v. board of education (1954).
The purpose in reviewing this case is to better understand the foundation of our educational system. This does not necessarily relate directly to school psychology.
Sacramento City School Dist. V. Rachel H.
Casetext (2021). Sacramento city school dist. V. Rachel H.
This case focuses on children with disabilities having access to the general education setting.
Lau V Nicolas
Wright, W. E. (n.d.). Landmark court ruling regarding English language learners.
The Lau V Nicolas case was important as it addressed the systematic discrimination and racism that students whose primary language was not English faced in the school system.
A Landmark Lawsuit Aimed to Fix Special Ed for California’s Black Students. It Didn't.
Romney, L. (2019, October 18). A landmark lawsuit aimed to fix special ed for California’s black students. It didn’t.
This case focuses on over-representation of African American students being identified for special education under the category of what was once referred to as “Mental Retardation” and is now referred to as “Intellectual Disability.”
You're Not Going to Believe What I'm About to Tell You - The Oatmeal
Dan D. (2017, July 20). You’re not going to believe what I’m about to tell you-the oatmeal.
As we discuss topics throughout your graduate degree journey, you may find that some topics and concepts elicit certain responses that are deeply rooted inside you. You may find that you do not agree with some things you read, see, and hear; while you may fully agree with other things that others do not agree with. This short (under 8 minute) video will provide you with an understanding of the Backfire Effect, a psychological behavior. You are encouraged to view this video in an undisturbed setting where you can focus on the concepts and provide time to consider how this may influence your feelings, responses, and interactions with others. As a School psychologist, you will work with many people who may say things you do not agree with. Understanding this concept may support you as you interact with others and understand the reactions from others as well as yourself.

Lesson 4 Optional Resources

Bilingual Education Cases and Laws
FindLaw (2022, October 12). Bilingual education cases and laws.

A pivotal court case in bilingualism legislation brought about by the parents of approximately 1,800 Chinese students against the San Francisco Unified School Disctrict. In 1970 a lawyer took on the case of a Chinese student failing in school due to not being able to comprehend the lessons as a result of being a non-native speaker and the failure of the school system to provide assistance. Originally decided in the school’s favor, in 1974 the ruling was overturned citing Title VI of the Civil Rights Act. What the case didn’t do was result in a specific bilingual policy but instead left it up to individual schools to move the dial in a more equitable direction. After the caes, the U.S. Department of Education’s Office of Civil Rights created the Lau Remedies broadening theTitle VII Bilingual Education Act regulations to apply to all school districts as opposed only to funded programs. Lau Remedies mandate that districts implement bilingual education programs for LEP students that required English-as-a-second-language instruction and academic subject-matter instruction through the students' strongest language until English proficiency is achieved.
Landmark Court Rulings Regarding English Language Learners
Wright, W. E. (2010). Landmark court rulings regarding English language learners.
Article summarizes the following landmark cases:
Plessy v. Ferguson and Brown v. Board of Education: this was the 1896 case that determined “separate but equal” public facilities were constitutional (thus upholding state imposed Jim Crow laws) and the legal basis for segregation. This decision was overturned almost six decades later in Brown v. Board of Education.
Independent School District v. Salvatierra (1930), Alvarez v. Lemon Grove, and Méndez v. Westminster School District: the Salvatierra case, brought on by Mexican American parents, though not as well known, preceeded Before Brown v. Board of Education. In this case, the school district won its argument that in order to teach students English, segregation was necessary. However, for two simliar cases Alvarez v. Lemon Grove (1931) and Méndez v. Westminster School District (1947) this ruling did not hold.
Guey Heung Lee v. Johnson and Johnson v. San Francisco Unified School District is an example of a case where desegregation efforts complicated things. In this case Chinese Americans didn’t want students to have to integrate into ELL programs and leave their neighborhoold schools that offered bilingual instruction. After an appeal the court ruled against the Chinese Community.

It often proves difficult to balance between meeting unique needs and effectively integrating all students.

Public Education for Immigrant Students: Understanding Plyer v. Doe.
American Immigration Council (2016, October 24). Public education for immigrant students: Understanding Plyer v. Doe.

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This case (1982) ruled that states cannot withhold free public education due to immigration status citing that the harm of denying education far outweighed saving on resources. In recent years there has been backdoor policies that “violate the spirit—if not the letter—of the Court’s decision.” This fact sheet summarizes the Supreme Court’s decision in Plyler and attempts to avoid compliance with the ruling.
Public Law 94-142
Laws (2019, December 23). Public law 94-142.
This source defines public law and talks specifically about Public Law 94-142 also known as the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act which mandates how public agencies offer services and accommodations to children identified as disabled (both physically and mentally). The precedent for Public Law 94-142 was the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment which was enacted to prevent discrimination and harsher crime penalities agianst African Americans.
Discretionary Grants
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (nd.) Discretionary grants.
,b> This source explores the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) which mandates free appropriate public education, as well as special education and related services, to eligible children with disabilities. The webpage focuses on discretionary formula grants.
State Formula Grants
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (nd.). State formula grants.
This source explores the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) which mandates free appropriate public education, as well as special education and related services, to eligible children with disabilities. The webpage focuses on state formula grants.
Bilingual Education Cases and Laws
FindLaw (2022, October 12). Bilingual education cases and laws. With the supreme court ruling of Lau v Nicholas, there was an understanding that bilingual education was a right for children where English was not their primary language, and schools were required to provide education to these students to ensure equal educational opportunities. The Equal Educational Opportunities Act (EEOA) of 1974, which arose from the Lau v Nicholas ruling, includes the mandate for students to receive bilingual education. Subsequent legal cases have highlighted that the supreme court decision regarding Lau v. Nicholas never mandated bilingual education for students where English is not their primary language. Nonetheless, the EEOA is still in effect in support of students receiving bilingual education.
This is important information to note as often times we see students from non-primary English-speaking backgrounds identified for special education supports and services. We must be mindful of what the law stipulates, while at the same time, ensuring that our actions as school psychologists do not perpetuate educational disparities as a result of the students' access to education related to their primary language abilities. You will learn more about best practice and ethical responsibilities when assessing students from non-primary English-speaking backgrounds in your assessment courses

Lesson 5 - Required Resources

Why Self-Awaerness is the Key Skill for Growth, Health, and Happiness
Betz, M. (2021, August 21). Why self-awaerness is the key skill for growth, health, and
happiness.
The article distinguishes between public vs private self-awareness, explains why both matter, and explores where there are gaps in our awareness.
A Case Study Exploration into the Benefits of Teaching Self-care to School Psychology Graduate Students
Daly, & Gardner, R. A. (2020). A case study exploration into the benefits of teaching self-care to school psychology graduate students. Contemporary School Psychology, 26(1), 78–89.

A case study exploration into the benefits of teaching self-care to school psychology graduate students.
Administrative Pressure to Practice Unethically and Burnout Within in the Profession of School Psychology: Administrative Pressure and Burnout
Boccio, D. E., Weisz, G., & Lefkowitz, R. (2016). Administrative pressure to practice unethically and burnout within in the profession of school psychology: Administrative pressure and burnout. Psychology in the Schools, 53(6), 659–672. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.21931
Burnout in the flied of school psychology is common. There are several pressures school psychologists experience which can lead to higher rates of burnout. Knowing how to manage burnout and supporting your own wellbeing is critical for longevity in the field.
Voices From the Field: Addressing Job Burnout in School Psychology Training Programs
Schilling, E. J., & Randolph, M. (2020). Voices from the field: Addressing job burnout in school psychology training programs. Contemporary School Psychology , 25(4), 572–581. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40688-020-00283-z
Students who train to become school psychologists can also experience burnout and building skills and strategies while in a training program can set students up for success in avoiding burnout.

Lesson 6

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