Crowe, C. (2021, June 3). Cities consider taking police out of traffic stops. Smartcitiesdive. This article covers a recent phenomenon in the realm of de-policing and that is taking police out of traffic stops. The City of Brooklyn Center, Minnesota, passed a package of reforms, one of which calls for unarmed civilians replacing sworn police officers for certain traffic violations.
Mourtzos, S. M., & Adams, I. A. (2019). The rhetoric of de-policing: Evaluating open-ended survey responses from police officers with machine learning-based structural topic modeling. Journal of Criminal Justice, 64, 61-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2019.101627 This article used structural topic modeling (STM) which is a method of interpreting open-ended survey questions to gather data on police officer attitudes vis-à-vis the communities they serve and the phenomenon of de-policing.
Rushin, S., & Edwards, G. (2017). De-policing. Cornell Law Review, 102(3), 721-724. This article looks at the possibility of continuing laws that regulate policing as one cause of de-policing. The researchers used regression analyses of an existing data set of police departments that were under Federal monitoring per USC §14141.
Croasman, J. J., & Ostrum, L. (2011, November 1). Using Likert-type scales in the social sciences. Journal of Adult Education, 40(1), 19-22. This article covers in detail how to properly prepare Likert-type questionnaires.
Nemoto, T., & Beglar, D. (2014). Developing Likert-scale questionnaires. This article also explains how to develop and administer a Likert-type questionnaire.
Kukorian, G. (2001, February 3). Riordan criticizes leadership of LAPD, hints at drastic steps; Police: The mayor, speaking at ramparts division, cites higher crime and fewer arrests. But, he offers few specifics. Los Angeles Times, B1. This article defines how a crisis can be caused by leaders who have strong personalities that may result in untoward results.
Petriglieri, G. (2020, April 22). The psychology behind effective crisis leadership. Harvard Business Review. The author explains how vision alone will not be enough in crisis leadership situations. He continues by explaining the concept of “holding.”
Boin, A., & ‘t Hart, P. (2003). Public leadership in times of crisis: Mission impossible? Public Administration Review, 63(5), 544-553. The authors explore the persistent tensions between the expectations and realities of crisis leadership.
Wu, Y. L., Shao, B., Newman, A., & Schwartz, G. (2021, December). Crisis leadership: A review and future research agenda. The Leadership Quarterly, 32(6), 722-751. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2021.101518 The authors use what they refer to as bibliometric techniques to arrive at theories of crisis leadership.
