ENG 102 Group Sessions (Tuesdays at 10am PST & Sundays at 1pm PST)
For more information on these and other suggested weekly resources, please review the ENG102 and ASC Resource Alignment Handout.
Contextualizing Citations
Claims are evidence-based statements that represent the author's stance on a particular issue.
Evidence refers to any fact, data, or other information from a reliable resource that support and strengthen the claim.
Citations are formalized references of the reliable resources of evidence supporting a claim in scholarly writing.
| Statement - (Evidence + Citations) = Belief/Opinion | Compassion is an important part of leadership. |
| Statement + Evidence + Citation = Claim | Compassion is an essential trait for leaders who want to help others (Davenport, 2019). |
Integration of the evidence from Davenport (2019), in the above example, narrows the focus of leadership to leaders who want to help others. This illustrates how the addition of evidence to a statement can differentiate a claim from a generalized statement or opinion and add nuance and focus to a statement.
Learn how to cite references in the text, including how to implement the basic in-text citation formats, cite multiple works, achieve clarity, and format in-text citations with missing author and/or date information.
Academic Writer
© 2025 American Psychological Association.
Learn about ways to organize academic writing and when to use which organizational structure.
Academic Writer
© 2025 American Psychological Association.
Learn how to summarize and paraphrase text to show understanding of research.
Academic Writer
© 2025 American Psychological Association.
Basic Academic Paragraph Structure
Learn to develop unified paragraphs that are structured effectively.
Academic Writer
© 2024 American Psychological Association.
Learn the basics of seventh edition APA Style, including paper elements, format, and organization; academic writing style; grammar and usage; bias-free language; mechanics of style; tables and figures; in-text citations, paraphrasing, and quotations; and reference list format and order.
Academic Writer
© 2025 American Psychological Association.
Ethical Standards in Research and Writing
Learn how to comply with ethical and legal principles in research and writing, including the principles designed to achieve the goals of ensuring the accuracy of scientific knowledge, protecting the rights and welfare of research participants, and protecting intellectual property rights.
Academic Writer
© 2021 American Psychological Association.
Revising, Editing, and Proofreading
Learn how to successfully revise, edit, and proofread your draft so you can confidently submit a polished paper.
Academic Writer
© 2025 American Psychological Association.
