EDR-8502 v1

Rust, J., Kosinski, M., & Stillwell, D. (2020). Modern psychometrics: The science of psychological assessment (4th ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315637686
Read Chapter 2, which discusses writing items (i.e., questions) in a questionnaire.

Irwing, P., Booth, T., & Hughes, D. J. (2018). The Wiley handbook of psychometric testing: A
multidisciplinary reference on survey, scale and test development. John Wiley & Sons.
Supplementary textbook reading Chapter 1 pages 3-17 discusses writing items (i.e., questions) in a questionnaire.

Robinson, S. B., & Leonard, K. F. (2019). Designing quality survey questions. SAGE.
This is a great checklist to ensure you have thought through all important aspects of instrument development.

Radhakrishna, R.B. (2007). Tips for developing and testing questionnaires/instruments. Journal of Extension, 45(1), 18-19.
This article details a good, brief introduction to the necessary steps of instrument design including a great visual of the steps of developing an instrument.

Pew Research Center. (2022). Writing survey questions.
Summary and video of writing survey questions. “Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping the world. We conduct public opinion polling, demographic research, content analysis and other data-driven social science research.” This is a good website developed and monitored by experts in the field. Websites generally are not good to cite in scholarly papers, but websites such as this one can be helpful when trying to learn more about a topic.

Kalkbrenner, M. T. (2021). A practical guide to instrument development and score validation in
the Social Sciences: The MEASURE Approach. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 26(1), 1-18.
This book is a useful guide to the steps of instrument development. For this lesson, pages 4 and 5 are especially helpful.

Alabi, A. T., & Jelili, M. O. (2022). Clarifying likert scale misconceptions for improved application
in urban studies. Quality & Quantity: International Journal of Methodology, 145, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-022-01415-8

Croasmun, J. T., & Ostrom, L. (2011). Using likert-type scales in the social sciences. MPAEA
Journal of Adult Education, 40(1), 19–22.