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Research Process

These pages offer an introduction to the research process at a very general level.

Bibliometrics

Bibliometrics (such as impact factors and journal rankings)  are an attempt to quantify importance, prestige, and value of scholarly publishing.

There are many kinds of metrics that measure different things, as well as many different inputs and algorithms that lead to those metrics. 

What is an impact factor?

Journal Citation Reports (JCR) provides ranking for journals in the areas of science, technology, and social sciences. They also calculate journal Impact Factor, the average number of times articles from the journal published in the past two years have been cited in the JCR year. This measure is a frequently used indicator as to the significance and influence of the journal in its field. Please note that the Library does not currently subscribe to the JCR. Please check with your local public or academic library to access them.

Opinions vary widely as to what constitutes a "good" impact factor. Click here for a chart which provides some context, in terms of how many journals achieve the various ranking levels. Also, please keep in mind that consideration of a good impact factor may vary by discipline. A number that is considered low in one field might be considered quite high in another field. Therefore, the Library recommends consulting with your Dissertation Chair to find out if they require a minimum impact factor for your concept paper or dissertation references.

While the Library does not subscribe to the JCR there are some databases which provide impact factor for their published journals. Follow the instructions in the below box to find impact factor in the Library and online.

How do I find the impact factor of a journal?

Follow the instructions below to find impact factor using the Library’s SpringerLink Journals database.

  1. Go to A-Z Databases, select “S” and then click on SpringerLink Journals.
  2. Enter the journal title using the basic search box at the top of the screen. 
  3. Press search.
  4. Select your journal from the list of results.
  5. The impact factor will appear on the right-hand side of the screen under the journal image as shown below.

Screenshot of journal page in SpringerLink with impact factor highlighted.

You can use Google to find impact factors for individual journals and for rankings by subject areas. For example, entering "Journal of Business Research impact factor" will display the impact factor in the search results as shown below.

Google search results showing the impact factor for Journal of Business Research.

 

You could also try searching more broadly for business journals. For example, entering "business journals impact factors" will display results form several different websites with impact factor rankings. Shown below is a ranking of business journals by impact factor from Social Capital Gateway.

Social Capital Gateway showing a ranking of business journals by impact factor.
 

Follow the instructions below to find impact factor using the Library’s SAGE Journals database.

  1. Go to A-Z Databases, select “S” and then click on SAGE Journals.
  2. Enter the journal title using the basic search box in the center of the screen. You can also browse journals by discipline or alphabetically.
  3. Press search.
  4. From the results screen, click on the Journals tab (defaults to Articles tab).
  5. Click on your journal title.
  6. Go to the "About" drop-down menu and select "More Information."
  7. The impact factor will appear below the journal title as shown below.

SAGE Journals screenshot showing impact factor for a journal.

Follow the instructions below to find impact factor using the Library’s Wiley Online Library database.

  1. Go to A-Z Databases, select “W” and then click on Wiley Online Library.
  2. Enter the journal title using the basic search box in the center of the screen. You can also browse journals by title or subject by clicking on "1,600+ Journals."
  3. Press search.
  4. Select your journal from the list of results.
  5. The impact factor will appear under the journal's editor name as shown below.

Screenshot of a journal page in Wiley Online Library with the impact factor highlighted.

Follow the instructions below to find impact factor using the Library’s ScienceDirect Journals database.

  1. Go to A-Z Databases, select “S” and then click on ScienceDirect Journals.
  2. Enter the journal title using the journal/book title box at the top of the screen.
  3. Press search.
  4. Locate your journal from the list of results, or under "Suggested publications."
  5. The impact factor will appear next to the journal image as shown below.

Screenshot of ScienceDirect showing the impact factor for a journal.

Follow the instructions below to find impact factor using the Library’s Annual Reviews database.

  1. Go to A-Z Databases and then click on Annual Reviews.
  2. Hover over Journals A-Z to see a list of all journals.
  3. Click on your journal title.
  4. The impact factor will appear above the journal description as shown below.

Screenshot of Annual Reviews showing the impact factor for a journal.

Note that Library subscribes to the following Annual Reviews titles only.

Annual Review of Anthropology
Annual Review of Clinical Psychology
Annual Review of Environment and Resources
Annual Review of Law and Social Science
Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior

Annual Review of Political Science
Annual Review of Psychology
Annual Review of Public Health
Annual Review of Sociology

Journal Rankings

Scimago Journal and Country Rank (SJR) is an open-access database containing citation information on more than 17,000 scholarly and professional journals based on content from Elsevier's Scopus collection.

SJR is a prestige metric based on the idea that ‘all citations are not created equal’. With SJR, the subject field, quality and reputation of the journal has a direct effect on the value of a citation. SJR differs from other bibliometric measures in that it:

  • Is weighted by the prestige of the journal, thereby ‘leveling the playing field’ among journals
  • Eliminates manipulation: raise the SJR ranking by being published in more reputable journals
  • ‘Shares’ a journal’s prestige equally over the total number of citations in that journal
  • Normalizes for differences in citation behavior between subject fields

Follow the instructions below to find SJR using the Scimago Journal and Country Rank website.

  1. Go to https://www.scimagojr.com/
  2. Enter your journal title in the basic search box in the center of the screen. You can also browse by subject area by clicking on Journal Rankings at the top of the screen.
  3. Press search.
  4. Select your journal title from the results list.
  5. SJR is displayed on the lower right as shown below. You can hover over the graph to see the SJR for each year displayed.

Schimago website showing the SJR for a journal.

Follow the instructions below to find a journal's ranking using the Library’s Web of Knowledge database.

  1. Go to A-Z Databases, select “W” and then click on Web of Knowledge.
  2. Enter the journal title using the basic search box in the center of the screen. The default search is set to Topic. Click on the drop down menu and select "Publication Name." A link to search the index is also available beneath the search field.  
  3. Press search.
  4. From the results screen, click on the journal title located beneath the article title. 
  5. The journal ranking will appear below the article record as shown below.

The quartile is given as either Q1, Q2, Q3, or Q4 where Q1 indicates that the journal is in the top 25% of its subject category while Q4 indicates it is in the bottom 25% of the journals in that category.

Google Scholar Metrics provides a way for researchers to easily assess article visibility and influence. Google Scholar Metrics has compiled a list of the top 100 Publications in Several Languages. The publications in this list are ranked by their 5 year h-index and h-median metrics. By clicking on the number under the h-index, you can view a list of that publication's most cited articles as well as who cited them. 

Example: Click on the h-index number to view the most cited articles within the publication, Nature.

This will identify a list of those articles in addition to the subcategory under which Google Scholar Metrics has labeled Nature.

 

Google Scholar has also compiled lists of the top publications within the following fields. Each category maintains supplemental subcategories as well. Please note that these are only English-language lists at the moment. 

  1. Business, Economics, & Management
  2. Chemical & Material Sciences
  3. Engineering & Computer Sciences
  4. Health & Medical Sciences
  5. Humanities, Literature, & the Arts
  6. Life Sciences & Earth Sciences
  7. Physics & Mathematics
  8. Social Sciences

 

Click here to learn more about Google Scholar Metrics. 

The Microsoft Academic Search Engine offers Journal Rankings based on the dynamic eigencentrality measurement. The Journal Analytics feature automatically extracts information from publications and their metadata. Journals are indexed in a variety of disciplines, and are more likely to be included if they are easily discoverable on the web.

Microsoft Academic's Journal Analytics allows users to filter by the following measurements:

  • Saliency
  • Prestige
  • Citations
  • Publications
  • h-index

Users can also filter by topic, year, and keyword search. 

To access the Journal Analytics from the Microsoft Academic main page, click on 'Journals' located to the right of the screen. This will redirect you to the Journal Analytics page. 

Are there other measures of journal/article significance or influence?

There have been numerous criticisms regarding the use of impact factor to measure the quality of a journal. Therefore, alternate bibliometric measures have evolved to address shortcomings, and to provide alternate perspectives on journal or article significance. These alternate measures further described below include: Eigenfactor Score, Article Influence Score, SCImago Journal and Country Rank (SJR), H-Index, and SNIP (Source Normalized Impact per Publication).For further details about journal impact criticism, see the scholarly article below.

Eigenfactor.org is an academic research project sponsored by the Bergstrom Lab in the Department of Biology at the University of Washington with the purpose of ranking and mapping scientific knowledge. Eigenfactor Scores and Article Influence Scores are calculated similarly to the methodology used by Google to rank webpages. Scholarly references link journals together in a large network of citations and allows for a comparison across disciplines.

The Eigenfactor Score measures the number of times articles from the journal published in the past five years have been cited in the JCR year. Eigenfactor scores are intended to give a measure of how likely a journal is to be used, and are thought to reflect how frequently an average researcher would access content from that journal.

The Article Influence Score calculates measures the relative importance of the journal on a per-article basis.

Follow the steps below to search a database of Eigenfactor and Article Influence scores from 1997 to 2015.

  1. Go to http://www.eigenfactor.org/projects/journalRank/journalsearch.php
  2. Enter the journal name and click "Find Journal."
  3. The Eigenfactor and Article Influence scores will be displayed on the results list as shown below.

Screenshot of Eigenfactor.org with the scores highlighted.

Developed by J.E. Hirsch, the h-index is a number intended to represent both the productivity and the impact of a particular scientist or scholar, or a group of scientists or scholars (such as a departmental or research group). The h-index is calculated by counting the number of publications for which the scientist has been cited by other authors at least that same number of times. In comparison with the ISI Impact factor, the h index corrects for highly cited papers not found in highly cited journals. This presents an unbiased way of comparing people within a discipline, especially in the sciences. 

Web of Knowledge

Follow the instructions below to find h index using the Library’s Web of Knowledge database.

  1. Go to A-Z Databases, select “W” and then click on Web of Knowledge.
  2. Enter your journal title and select Publication Name from the drop-down menu.
  3. Click search.
  4. Check that the target title is the only journal listed under Refine Results > Source Titles in the left-hand side column (toward bottom). If not, tick the box next to the target title and Refine.
  5. Select Create Citation Report on the top right.
  6. h-index appears in the second box at the top as shown below.

Screenshot of Web of Science journal citation report with h index highlighted.

Scimago Journal & Country Rank

Follow the instructions below to find h index using the Scimago Journal & Country Rank website.

  1. Go to https://www.scimagojr.com/
  2. Enter journal title e.g. "organization studies" and press search.
  3. Select the appropriate journal title from the results list.
  4. h index appears in the upper right, as shown below.

Screenshot of Scimago journal page with H Index highlighted.

Google Scholar
Google Scholar has adapted the h-index method of impact. h5-index is the h-index for articles published in the last 5 complete years. It is the largest number h such that h articles published in 2013-2017 have at least h citations each. You can browse the top 100 publications in several languages, ordered by their five-year h-index and h-median metrics.

Follow the instructions below to find h index using Google Scholar Metrics.

  1. Go to https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=top_venues&hl=en
  2. Click on the Categories drop-down menu to select a broad subject.
  3. Select a subcategory if desired.
  4. The h5 index is displayed for the top journals in that category or subcategory as shown below.

Screenshot of Google Scholar Metrics with h5 index highlighted

CWTS Journal Indicators provides free access to bibliometric indicators on scientific journals. The indicators have been calculated by Leiden University’s Centre for Science and Technology Studies (CWTS) based on the Scopus bibliographic database produced by Elsevier. Indicators are available for over 20,000 journals indexed in the Scopus database.

A key indicator offered by CWTS Journal Indicators is the SNIP indicator, where SNIP stands for source normalized impact per paper. This indicator measures the average citation impact of the publications of a journal. Unlike the well-known journal impact factor, SNIP corrects for differences in citation practices between scientific fields, thereby allowing for more accurate between-field comparisons of citation impact. CWTS Journal Indicators also provides stability intervals that indicate the reliability of the SNIP value of a journal. More information on the indicators offered by CWTS Journal Indicators is available on their Methodology page.

Follow the instructions below to locate SNIP using the CWTS Journal Indicators website.

  1. Go to http://www.journalindicators.com/indicators
  2. Enter the journal title in the "Search for" box.
  3. The journal results appear at the bottom of the page and includes the SNIP value as shown in the first image below.
  4. You may also click on the journal title to view a graph as shown in the second image.

CWTS Jounral Indicators website showing the SNIP for a journal.

 

CWTS Jounral Indicators website showing the SNIP for a journal.

 

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